The maximum vertical jump attained within the National Basketball Association represents a key indicator of athleticism, explosive power, and potential on-court performance. This metric, typically measured in inches, quantifies the distance an athlete can elevate themselves from a standing position. For example, a recorded height of 48 inches signifies the athlete can raise their center of gravity 4 feet above their standing reach.
Exceptional vertical jumping ability provides a competitive advantage in several facets of basketball. It enhances rebounding prowess, enabling players to secure possession against taller opponents. Furthermore, it contributes to more emphatic dunking displays, adding a significant entertainment value to the game. Historically, this athletic feat has captured the imagination of fans and analysts alike, shaping perceptions of individual player capabilities and overall team dynamics.
The following sections will delve into discussions regarding specific players recognized for their exceptional leaping ability, the methodologies employed in measuring this athletic attribute, and the evolving understanding of factors influencing maximum vertical jump performance within the sport.
1. Measurement Accuracy
The attainment of precise and reliable measurements is fundamental to accurately determining the highest vertical jump recorded in NBA history. Without stringent methodological controls, comparisons between athletes and across different eras become inherently flawed, undermining the validity of any claim regarding the definitive highest jump.
-
Standardized Protocols
Consistent protocols are necessary for ensuring uniformity in measurement techniques. These protocols dictate factors such as the equipment used (e.g., Vertec devices, pressure platforms, motion capture systems), the starting position of the athlete, and the calculation method employed. Variations in these parameters can yield significantly different results, rendering direct comparisons meaningless. For example, some measurements may include a running start (approach jump) while others are from a standing position (standing jump), vastly affecting the recorded height.
-
Calibration and Validation
Measurement devices must be regularly calibrated against known standards to minimize systematic errors. Validation studies, comparing the device’s readings against established methods, are also essential. If a device consistently overestimates or underestimates jump height, data integrity is compromised. For instance, if a Vertec device is misaligned, it might incorrectly register a higher jump height than the athlete actually achieved.
-
Environmental Considerations
Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and surface characteristics can subtly influence jump performance and, consequently, measurement accuracy. For instance, a slippery court surface might impede an athlete’s ability to generate optimal vertical force, thereby reducing jump height. Similarly, significant variations in air density at different altitudes can affect both jump performance and sensor readings used to quantify this performance. Precise documentation of the testing environment is thus vital for data interpretation and comparability.
-
Human Error Mitigation
Even with sophisticated equipment, human error can introduce inaccuracies. This includes errors in device operation, data recording, and data analysis. Employing trained personnel and implementing rigorous quality control procedures are necessary to minimize these potential errors. For example, if the person operating the Vertec device misreads the height reached by the athlete, the resulting data point would be inaccurate, potentially skewing the perceived “highest vertical” record.
The scrupulous application of these elementsstandardized protocols, calibration and validation, environmental control, and error mitigationis critical for maintaining the integrity of vertical jump measurements. Only with such rigor can meaningful comparisons be made, and the true scope of athletic achievements relating to the “highest vertical ever in the NBA” be accurately assessed.
2. Athlete Biomechanics
Athlete biomechanics, the study of the body’s movement during activity, is a foundational element in understanding the attainment of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” Vertical jump height is directly determined by the athlete’s ability to efficiently convert stored elastic energy and muscular force into upward momentum. Specific biomechanical factors, such as the angle and sequencing of joint movements during the jump, play a crucial role. For example, an athlete’s ability to coordinate the hip, knee, and ankle extension during the takeoff phase determines the magnitude and direction of the generated force. Insufficient or inefficient biomechanics can result in energy leaks, diminished force production, and a consequently lower jump height.
The interaction between muscle fiber type, limb length, and joint flexibility significantly influences vertical jump performance. Athletes with a higher proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers exhibit greater explosive power, crucial for maximizing upward acceleration. Limb length affects the lever arm and range of motion during the jump, while adequate joint flexibility allows for a deeper crouch position, storing more elastic energy in the muscles and tendons. Elite jumpers often exhibit a synergistic combination of these biomechanical advantages. Spud Webb, despite his shorter stature, demonstrated an exceptional vertical leap, attributed in part to his efficient use of lower body biomechanics and explosive leg muscle recruitment.
In summary, athlete biomechanics is an inextricable component of achieving exceptional vertical jump heights. An understanding of these biomechanical principles informs training methodologies, allowing athletes to optimize movement patterns and maximize their vertical jump potential. Recognizing the specific biomechanical advantages and limitations of individual athletes facilitates personalized training interventions, leading to improvements in jump performance and potentially contributing to the pursuit of enhanced “highest vertical ever in the NBA” records.
3. Training Regimen
The pursuit of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA” is inextricably linked to a comprehensive and meticulously designed training regimen. This regimen serves as the primary catalyst for developing the physiological attributes necessary to achieve exceptional vertical leap capabilities. The effectiveness of a training regimen is judged by its ability to enhance muscular power, improve biomechanical efficiency, and optimize neuromuscular coordination. Without a structured approach, genetic predisposition and inherent athleticism alone prove insufficient to reach peak vertical jump performance. A carefully planned training program addresses specific weaknesses, reinforces existing strengths, and progressively overloads the athlete’s system to induce adaptation. Historical examples, such as Michael Jordan’s relentless commitment to strength and conditioning, highlight the pivotal role of rigorous training in maximizing vertical jump potential.
The components of an effective vertical jump training regimen typically encompass plyometrics, strength training, and mobility exercises. Plyometric exercises, such as depth jumps and box jumps, focus on developing explosive power by utilizing the stretch-shortening cycle. Strength training, with exercises like squats and deadlifts, builds the foundational strength necessary for generating high levels of force during takeoff. Mobility exercises, including stretching and dynamic warm-ups, improve joint range of motion and flexibility, enhancing biomechanical efficiency and reducing the risk of injury. The integration of these components, tailored to the individual athlete’s needs and weaknesses, is crucial for optimizing the training effect. Furthermore, incorporating periodization principles into the training program is important to manage fatigue, prevent overtraining, and ensure peak performance at key moments.
In conclusion, the training regimen is an indispensable determinant in the quest for the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” Its role extends beyond simply building muscle mass, encompassing the refinement of biomechanics, the optimization of neuromuscular control, and the strategic management of training load. While inherent talent provides a starting point, it is the dedication to a well-designed and executed training regimen that ultimately unlocks an athlete’s full vertical jump potential. The continued advancement in training methodologies and the application of sports science principles suggest the ongoing evolution of vertical jump training, potentially leading to new benchmarks in the sport.
4. Historical Records
Historical records serve as critical benchmarks in evaluating claims related to the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” These records provide a context for understanding the evolution of athleticism and training methodologies within the sport, allowing for comparison and validation of contemporary achievements. The accuracy and reliability of these records are essential for informed analysis.
-
Data Acquisition Methodologies
The methods used to acquire historical data on vertical jump vary significantly, ranging from eyewitness accounts and anecdotal evidence to standardized testing protocols implemented in later years. Early records often lack the rigor of modern measurement techniques, making direct comparisons problematic. For instance, subjective assessments based on visual observation may overestimate or underestimate jump height, leading to inconsistencies in historical data. Only records obtained with verifiable measurement tools and standardized protocols provide a reliable basis for comparison.
-
Evolving Measurement Standards
Over time, the standards for measuring vertical jump have evolved, incorporating technological advancements and refinements in biomechanical analysis. Early measurements may have relied on simple reach tests or estimates, while contemporary methods employ sophisticated equipment like Vertec devices, force plates, and motion capture systems. These advancements provide more precise and objective data, but necessitate careful consideration when comparing historical records. A recorded jump height obtained with older methods may not be directly comparable to one obtained with modern instrumentation.
-
Contextual Factors and Limitations
Historical records must be interpreted within the context of their time, acknowledging limitations in training methodologies, nutrition, and equipment. Athletes from earlier eras may not have had access to the same resources as their modern counterparts, potentially affecting their physical development and performance capabilities. Similarly, variations in playing surfaces, footwear, and other equipment can influence vertical jump height. Consideration of these contextual factors is essential for a nuanced understanding of historical records and their relevance to claims regarding the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.”
-
Validation and Verification
The validation and verification of historical records are crucial for establishing their credibility and accuracy. This process involves cross-referencing data from multiple sources, scrutinizing measurement protocols, and evaluating the reliability of eyewitness accounts. Records that lack sufficient documentation or are based on questionable methodologies should be treated with caution. Rigorous validation efforts are necessary to ensure that historical data provides a reliable foundation for comparisons and analyses related to vertical jump performance. Unfortunately, many early claims are difficult, if not impossible, to validate using modern scientific standards.
In summary, historical records offer valuable insights into the evolution of vertical jump performance in the NBA, but must be interpreted with careful consideration of data acquisition methodologies, evolving measurement standards, contextual factors, and validation processes. By acknowledging these limitations, it is possible to gain a more nuanced and accurate understanding of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA” and the athletes who have pushed the boundaries of human potential.
5. Equipment Influence
Equipment exerts a tangible influence on vertical jump performance, thereby affecting the potential for achieving the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” The cause-and-effect relationship between footwear technology, court surfaces, and assistive devices, and an athlete’s ability to generate upward force is well-established. Footwear, specifically, plays a pivotal role, as shoe design directly impacts energy return during the takeoff phase. Enhanced cushioning systems can absorb and redistribute impact forces, while responsive midsole materials facilitate greater propulsion. A clear example is the evolution of basketball shoe technology, progressing from canvas sneakers to high-performance athletic footwear incorporating advanced materials like carbon fiber plates and specialized cushioning compounds. These innovations are intended to maximize energy transfer and minimize energy loss, thereby enhancing jump height.
The composition of court surfaces also influences jump performance. Consistent and resilient surfaces provide optimal traction, enabling athletes to generate maximum horizontal and vertical force. Conversely, slippery or uneven surfaces can impede an athlete’s ability to effectively launch, resulting in reduced jump heights and an increased risk of injury. Furthermore, while the NBA prohibits the use of external devices specifically designed to augment vertical jump, supportive gear, such as ankle braces and compression sleeves, can indirectly improve jump performance by enhancing stability and reducing muscle fatigue. These factors are crucial in the context of high-stakes competition, where even marginal gains in vertical jump can translate into significant competitive advantages.
In summary, equipment serves as a determinant factor in the pursuit of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” While athletic prowess and rigorous training remain paramount, the influence of footwear technology, court surfaces, and supportive devices cannot be overlooked. Continued advancements in sports equipment are likely to further refine athletic performance, potentially raising the bar for future vertical jump records. The practical significance of this understanding lies in its implications for athlete training, equipment development, and the overall optimization of athletic performance within professional basketball.
6. Competitive Context
The competitive context within which an athlete performs significantly influences the manifestation of their maximum vertical jump capability. The pressure, stakes, and specific demands of a given competitive situation can either amplify or inhibit an athlete’s ability to achieve their theoretical vertical jump limit.
-
Adrenaline and Arousal
The physiological response to competition, including the release of adrenaline and increased arousal levels, can transiently enhance muscle power and explosiveness. Under the stress of a high-stakes game, an athlete may exhibit a vertical jump height exceeding that recorded during training or testing environments. Conversely, excessive anxiety or pressure can impede performance, resulting in a diminished vertical jump. For example, a player attempting a game-winning dunk may achieve a greater vertical leap due to heightened adrenaline, despite not reaching similar heights during practice sessions.
-
Defensive Pressure and Obstruction
The presence of opposing players attempting to block or contest a jump introduces additional constraints and challenges. An athlete’s vertical jump height may be compromised by the need to avoid contact, alter trajectory, or adjust timing. Therefore, the recorded “highest vertical ever in the NBA” during gameplay may not fully reflect an athlete’s isolated jump capability, but rather their ability to perform under duress. The defensive scheme employed by opposing teams can significantly alter the opportunities and conditions for executing maximum vertical jumps.
-
Situational Importance
The perceived importance of a given play or game can influence an athlete’s motivation and effort, impacting their vertical jump performance. A critical rebound in a close game or a highlight-reel dunk attempt may elicit a greater exertion of physical and mental resources, potentially leading to an enhanced vertical jump. The situational context, including the score, time remaining, and opponent, shapes the athlete’s response and ultimately affects their performance. Therefore, instances of exceptional vertical jump heights are often observed during pivotal moments in highly competitive games.
-
Fatigue and Game State
The cumulative effect of physical exertion throughout a game or season can impact an athlete’s vertical jump capacity. Fatigue can diminish muscle power, reduce neuromuscular efficiency, and impair coordination, resulting in decreased jump height. The game state, including score differential and pace of play, can further influence fatigue levels and impact vertical jump performance. Instances of maximal vertical jump may be less frequent later in a game or during periods of intense physical exertion.
These facets of the competitive context demonstrate the complex interplay between psychological state, physical demands, and situational factors that influence vertical jump performance. The “highest vertical ever in the NBA” is not merely a reflection of isolated athletic ability, but rather the product of an athlete’s capacity to perform optimally under the pressures and constraints of competitive play. Understanding these contextual influences is crucial for accurately interpreting and evaluating vertical jump achievements within the sport.
7. Genetic Predisposition
Genetic predisposition exerts a substantial influence on an individual’s potential to achieve exceptional vertical jump heights, a key determinant in attaining the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” While training, nutrition, and environmental factors play crucial roles, the underlying genetic blueprint establishes a baseline for physiological attributes that directly affect vertical leap capability. Genetic factors influencing muscle fiber composition, bone structure, and neuromuscular efficiency collectively contribute to an athlete’s inherent potential.
-
Muscle Fiber Composition
The ratio of fast-twitch (Type II) to slow-twitch (Type I) muscle fibers is largely genetically determined and significantly impacts explosive power generation. Fast-twitch fibers contract rapidly, enabling the quick bursts of force needed for a high vertical jump. Individuals with a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibers inherently possess a greater capacity for generating the power required for exceptional leaps. Studies comparing muscle biopsies of elite jumpers and non-athletes consistently reveal a prevalence of fast-twitch fibers in the former. This genetic advantage is a significant factor in differentiating individuals capable of achieving remarkable vertical jump heights within the NBA.
-
Skeletal Structure and Leverage
Genetic factors influence bone length, limb proportions, and joint structure, which collectively affect biomechanical efficiency during vertical jumping. Optimal limb length and joint angles can enhance leverage and force production, allowing for a more effective transfer of energy from the lower body to the upper body during the takeoff phase. Individuals with genetically favorable skeletal structures may exhibit greater efficiency in converting muscular force into vertical displacement. Variations in the length of the Achilles tendon, another genetically influenced trait, also affect the storage and release of elastic energy during the jump, influencing jump height.
-
Neuromuscular Efficiency
The efficiency of the neuromuscular system, encompassing nerve impulse transmission and muscle activation patterns, plays a crucial role in coordinating the complex movements involved in a vertical jump. Genetic factors can influence the speed and precision of nerve signals, as well as the synchronization of muscle contractions. Individuals with genetically optimized neuromuscular systems exhibit superior coordination and control during the jump, allowing for more efficient force production and energy utilization. This genetic advantage translates to a greater capacity for generating explosive power and achieving higher vertical jumps.
-
Connective Tissue Properties
Genetic factors influence the elasticity and stiffness of tendons and ligaments. Stiffer tendons can store and release more elastic energy during the stretch-shortening cycle, contributing to a more powerful jump. Genetically determined variations in collagen composition and cross-linking within these tissues can affect their mechanical properties, influencing vertical jump performance. Individuals with genetically advantageous connective tissue properties may exhibit enhanced energy storage and release capabilities, leading to greater jump heights.
In summation, genetic predisposition provides a foundational framework that influences an athlete’s potential to achieve exceptional vertical jump heights, a crucial element in the context of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA.” While training and environmental factors can augment and optimize performance, the underlying genetic blueprint establishes a ceiling on individual capabilities. Understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental factors is essential for identifying and developing athletes capable of pushing the boundaries of vertical jump performance within professional basketball.
8. Performance Analysis
Performance analysis constitutes a critical component in the pursuit and evaluation of exceptional vertical jump capabilities within the National Basketball Association. By employing objective measurement and analytical techniques, performance analysis provides actionable insights into the biomechanical, physiological, and contextual factors influencing jump height. This, in turn, enables targeted training interventions aimed at optimizing performance and potentially contributing to new benchmarks for vertical jump records.
-
Biomechanical Assessment
Biomechanical analysis involves the detailed examination of movement patterns during the vertical jump, utilizing tools such as motion capture systems and force plates. This analysis identifies areas of inefficiency or asymmetry in an athlete’s jump technique, allowing coaches to develop targeted interventions to improve biomechanical efficiency and maximize force production. For example, kinematic analysis might reveal suboptimal hip extension during the takeoff phase, prompting specific exercises to enhance hip extensor strength and coordination. Such improvements in biomechanics can directly translate into increased vertical jump height.
-
Physiological Monitoring
Physiological monitoring provides valuable data on the physical demands of vertical jump training and competition. Heart rate variability analysis, lactate threshold testing, and muscle oxygenation monitoring offer insights into an athlete’s cardiovascular fitness, fatigue levels, and muscular endurance. By tracking these metrics, coaches can optimize training load, prevent overtraining, and ensure that athletes are adequately prepared for high-intensity activities. For instance, monitoring muscle oxygenation levels during plyometric training can help identify when an athlete is approaching fatigue, allowing for adjustments to training volume and intensity to prevent performance decline.
-
Video Analysis and Feedback
Video analysis provides a powerful tool for visually assessing vertical jump technique and providing athletes with immediate feedback. By reviewing slow-motion footage of their jumps, athletes can identify areas for improvement and make conscious adjustments to their movement patterns. Furthermore, video analysis allows coaches to compare an athlete’s technique to that of elite jumpers, identifying key differences and providing concrete examples of optimal movement patterns. Real-time feedback systems, which display video replays immediately after each jump, can accelerate the learning process and facilitate rapid improvements in technique.
-
Statistical Modeling and Prediction
Statistical modeling techniques can be used to identify the key predictors of vertical jump performance and to forecast an athlete’s potential. By analyzing historical data on jump height, training variables, and physiological characteristics, statisticians can develop models that estimate an athlete’s maximum vertical jump capacity. These models can be used to identify athletes with high potential and to optimize training programs based on individual characteristics. For instance, regression analysis might reveal that leg press strength, reactive strength index, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion are significant predictors of vertical jump height. These findings can inform the design of training programs that specifically target these key performance indicators.
These analytical methodologies collectively contribute to a more thorough understanding of the vertical jump, enabling coaches and athletes to optimize performance and potentially redefine existing records. Performance analysis, therefore, plays an indispensable role in the ongoing quest to achieve the “highest vertical ever in the NBA,” facilitating informed decision-making and evidence-based training practices.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries and clarifies misunderstandings surrounding the measurement, evaluation, and significance of vertical jump capabilities within the National Basketball Association.
Question 1: What constitutes a valid measurement of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA”?
A valid measurement necessitates the use of standardized protocols, calibrated equipment (e.g., Vertec devices, force plates), and trained personnel. Measurements should specify whether they represent a standing vertical jump or a maximum vertical jump (with approach) and must be consistently applied across athletes and measurement periods.
Question 2: Is there an official, universally accepted record for the “highest vertical ever in the NBA”?
While anecdotal evidence and reported measurements exist, a definitive, universally accepted record remains elusive due to variations in testing methodologies and a lack of consistent data collection across all eras. Reported values should be critically assessed based on the rigor of the measurement process.
Question 3: How does equipment influence vertical jump measurements and the pursuit of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA”?
Footwear technology, court surface properties, and the use of assistive devices (e.g., ankle braces) can influence an athlete’s ability to generate vertical force. Therefore, any claims regarding exceptional vertical jump heights should consider the equipment utilized during the measurement process.
Question 4: What role does genetics play in determining an athlete’s vertical jump potential and contributing to the “highest vertical ever in the NBA”?
Genetic predisposition influences muscle fiber composition (ratio of fast-twitch to slow-twitch fibers), skeletal structure, and neuromuscular efficiency, all of which contribute to an athlete’s inherent capacity for generating explosive power. While training and environmental factors can augment performance, genetic factors establish a performance ceiling.
Question 5: How does competitive context affect vertical jump performance and the likelihood of observing the “highest vertical ever in the NBA”?
The pressure, stakes, and specific demands of a competitive situation can influence an athlete’s ability to achieve their maximum vertical jump. Adrenaline, defensive pressure, and situational importance can either amplify or inhibit performance, affecting the expression of vertical jump capabilities.
Question 6: Why is performance analysis crucial for optimizing vertical jump performance and the potential to achieve the “highest vertical ever in the NBA”?
Performance analysis, encompassing biomechanical assessment, physiological monitoring, video analysis, and statistical modeling, provides objective data on the factors influencing vertical jump height. This enables targeted training interventions aimed at improving technique, optimizing training load, and maximizing an athlete’s vertical jump potential.
Key takeaways include the necessity of standardized measurement, the influence of genetics and training, and the impact of competitive context on observed vertical jump heights. No single, universally accepted record exists, necessitating careful evaluation of reported values.
The next section will explore the future prospects for vertical jump performance within the NBA, considering emerging technologies and evolving training methodologies.
Maximizing Vertical Leap Potential
The following recommendations offer strategic insights into optimizing vertical jump performance, critical for athletes seeking to improve their on-court presence and potentially contribute to enhanced measurements.
Tip 1: Prioritize Plyometric Training:
Incorporate plyometric exercises, such as depth jumps and box jumps, into the training regimen. These activities enhance the stretch-shortening cycle, improving explosive power and vertical jump height. The progressive implementation of plyometrics is essential to avoid injury.
Tip 2: Optimize Strength and Power Development:
Focus on building a foundation of strength with compound exercises like squats, deadlifts, and Olympic lifts. These movements improve overall power output, which directly translates to increased vertical jump capability. Emphasis should be placed on lifting with explosive intent.
Tip 3: Enhance Ankle and Foot Strength:
Strengthen the muscles of the ankle and foot through exercises like calf raises, toe raises, and single-leg balance drills. Strong ankles and feet provide a stable base for takeoff, optimizing force transmission during the jump. Neglecting these areas can limit power output.
Tip 4: Improve Core Stability:
Develop core strength and stability through exercises like planks, Russian twists, and medicine ball throws. A strong core provides a stable base for generating power and transferring force from the lower body to the upper body during the jump. Core weakness can lead to energy leaks and reduced jump height.
Tip 5: Refine Jumping Technique:
Analyze and refine jumping technique through video analysis and coaching feedback. Focus on achieving optimal joint angles, maximizing force production during takeoff, and coordinating the movements of the arms and legs. Efficient technique optimizes energy transfer and enhances jump height.
Tip 6: Focus on Flexibility and Mobility:
Incorporate stretching and mobility exercises into the training routine to improve joint range of motion and flexibility. Adequate flexibility allows for a deeper crouch position, storing more elastic energy in the muscles and tendons. Restricted flexibility can limit jump height.
Tip 7: Maintain a Nutrient-Rich Diet:
Consume a balanced diet rich in protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats to fuel muscle growth, support energy levels, and promote recovery. Adequate nutrition is essential for maximizing training adaptations and optimizing vertical jump performance. Inadequate nutrition can hinder progress.
Implementation of these tips, in conjunction with consistent training and diligent self-assessment, is crucial for maximizing athletic capabilities. Adherence to sound biomechanical principles and progressive overload techniques will support improvement.
The subsequent discussion will provide a summary of the key findings in this article and highlight potential avenues for future research.
Conclusion
The preceding analysis has illuminated the multifaceted nature of the “highest vertical ever in the NBA,” demonstrating that it is not solely a product of innate talent. Factors ranging from rigorous training regimens and biomechanical efficiency to genetic predispositions and equipment influence all contribute to achieving maximal vertical jump capacity. Historical records, while providing context, require careful scrutiny due to evolving measurement standards and varying data acquisition methodologies. The competitive environment further modulates an athlete’s ability to express their full vertical jump potential.
Continued advancements in sports science, coupled with increasingly sophisticated training techniques, suggest that further enhancements in vertical jump performance are probable. Future research should focus on refining measurement protocols, elucidating the genetic determinants of athletic explosiveness, and optimizing training interventions to unlock an athletes full potential. As the pursuit of athletic excellence intensifies, a comprehensive understanding of these factors will be essential for identifying and developing the next generation of high-flying NBA athletes, and potentially exceeding established vertical jump records.
